This case study examines potential trade-offs and co-benefits for a suite of ecosystem services at the farm to catchment scale that may be potential ‘by-products’ of an agri-environment scheme designed to reduce total multi-pollutant loads entering watercourses.

The impacts of the suite of Countryside Stewardship options were reductions in national agricultural pollution of over 6% (nitrate) and 10% (phosphorus). Accounting for non-agricultural sources of pollution reduced the net overall impact of the options to 4% (nitrate)...