INCA-N operates at a daily time step, tracking the stores and fluxes of water, nitrate and ammonium in both the land and in-stream phases of a river catchment. The model is spatially ‘semi-distributed’: the water course is split into reaches with associated sub-catchments....

This case study examines potential trade-offs and co-benefits for a suite of ecosystem services at the farm to catchment scale that may be potential ‘by-products’ of an agri-environment scheme designed to reduce total multi-pollutant loads entering watercourses.

INCA-P operates at a daily time step, tracking the stores and fluxes of water, sediment, dissolved and particulate P in both the land and in-stream phases of a river catchment. The model is spatially ‘semi-distributed’: the water course is split into reaches with associated...