REPORT WITH THE RESULTS FROM THE BBN WORKSHOP IN MAPUTO

Maputo– Mozambique 12/08/2014

Pedro Zorrilla-Miras
01/10/2014

ACES PROJECT: LIVELIHOODS AND LAND USE CHANGE IN MOZAMBIQUE
WP 1 AND WP5

© University of Edinburgh

13th of August
The workshops in Maputo (National Scale) was carried out the 12th of August 2014 and we obtained the participatory data necessary to design the structure of the BBN model. The method used followed the “BBN_Workshop_1_Methodology” document. 
The workshop was attended by 18th participants, coming from different institutions. Public institutions where represented by stakeholders from Maputo as well as from 2 provinces where the project we planned to work (Manica and Niassa). They were from different areas of work: mine, rural development, finance and management, environment, energy, agriculture, forestry, livestock and tourism. There were also representatives from Mozambican Academic institutions (Universidad Eduardo Mondlane, focused on forests), International organizations (interested in environment, forests, tourism and lifestyles) and from National NGOs related to agriculture, environment, forests and lifestyles. 
Concerning the timescale, participants recommended choosing time spans of 5 years (5 -10 -15 – 20 years) because political agendas are developed every 5 years and changes in policies can appear at these points of time. A 5 years vision would be more related with laws and political plans, and a 20 years vision would be more related with future visionary. 
The 4 most important wellbeing components related with ecosystem services identified by each of the working groups were those included in table 1. The wellbeing components identified by 2 or more groups were food security, ability to buy goods, availability of good quality farms (machambas) and access to drinking water. 
Table 1. Four most important wellbeing components related with ecosystem services
Group National	Group Niassa	Group Manica	
Food security	Food security	Food security	
Protection against catastrophes	Ability to buy goods for production	Ability to buy goods	
Availability of good quality machambas 	Quality of housing	Availability of good quality machambas	
Access to drinking water	Access to drinking water	Access to NTFP	

Table 2. Most important well-being indicators as chosen by each working group. 
	Well-being indicators	Manica	Niassa	Central	Total	
1	Segurança alimentar 	Food security	4	4	3	11	
2	Acesso a educação 	Access to education 	2	4	4	10	
3	Acesso a saúde	Access to health care	3	2	4	9	
4	Ter machamba de boa qualidade	Availability of good quality machambas	4	0	3	7	
5	Água potável 	Access to drinking water	1	3	2	6	
6	Qualidade de habitação	Quality of housing	2	4	0	6	
7	Boa saúde	Good health	1	4	0	5	
8	Liberdade de expressão e pensamento	Freedom of action and expresion	1	2	1	4	
9	Poder de compra de bens produtivos	Ability to buy productive goods	0	0	4	4	
10	Protecção contra calamidades	Protection against catastrophes	1	1	2	4	
11	Criação de gado	Livestock	4	0	0	4	
12	Protecção contra o crime	Protection against crime	1	3	0	4	
13	Disponibilidade de energia	Energy availability	0	1	1	2	
14	Poder de compra de bens de consumo	Ability to buy consumer goods	1	2	0	3	
15	Acesso a alimentos silvestres	Access to food	2	0	0	2	
16	Bom relacionamento com a família	Good family relationships	1	1	0	2	
17	Poder de compra de bens não produtivos	Ability to buy non productive goods	1	0	0	1	
18	Acesso a lugares sagrados	Access to sacred areas	1	0	0	1	
19	Morar numa vila agradável, tranquila e saudável	Live in a good quality village	0	0	0	0	
20	Bom relacionamento com amigos e vizinhos	Good social relationships 	0	0	0	0	
21	Ter machamba grande	To have a big farm	0	0	0	0	
22	Vias de acesso	Roads	0	0	0	0	

Along the morning session each group constructed one proposal of BBN structure, relating those wellbeing components with ecosystem services, the factors affecting them and proposal of actions and policies. These proposed structures need to be analysed in the coming months together with the BBN resulting from the provincial and village workshops.

1.	Group “Central level”

a)	First, it was not clear if they should select wellbeing indicators for people living in the city or in rural areas. They noticed that for the city, goods for consumption are important whereas in rural areas goods for production are more important. Facilitators made clear that the exercise was about rural inhabitants.
They voted the most important wellbeing components (Table 2). 

Energy was not selected as one of the eight most important criteria. “What do you do with energy if you don´t have the freedom to express yourself”.

Many of the factors are interconnected: quality of Machamba  Production  Food security

b)	Indicators forming the BBN
From the 8 most important wellbeing components, they selected the 4 more related with ecosystem services. Then they started to introduce factors and actions and its relationships. 

Table 3. Indicators forming the BBN constructed by Group Central:
Wellbeing	Relation with ES	Negative effects	Political interventions	
Food security	Water, water retention capacity of soil, organic material, agricultural products, medicinal plants, wind breaks, NTFP, wild foods, pollination, carbon sequestration, minerals, pastures, shadow, animals and plants, production of O2	Deforestation, bushfires, pests, drought, floods, agricultural intensification, erosion, vegetation loss along rivers, mono-cultivation, invasive species	Reforestation, sensitization campaigns, apiculture promotion, conservation of river margins, controlled bushfires, conservation agriculture, maintenance of biological corridors, sustainable natural resources use, use of new and renewable energy, construction of improved grain storage systems, installation of solar driven dryers, construction of dams, construction of water supply systems, use of organic fertilizers, comply the laws and regulations, introduce environment in schools, do away with invasive alien species, develop controlled fires, sustainable agriculture. 	
Protection against catastrophes				
Access to drinking water				
Availability of machambas with good quality				

During the group work it was difficult to establish clear links between the indicators and the ecosystem services as everything is somehow interlinked with each other. Also the negative effects have diverse effects on different levels. Probably because of this difficulty, they did not draw relations from their proposed actions. 
When talking about the political interventions, the question came up how these politics can be implemented. One important aspect in this regard is the implementation of regulations for big enterprises. Access to education must be also for women and girls. Freedom of expression can influence energy policies. 
Renewable energy: charcoal is used by most people in the city even if it is more expensive than gas. However, the problem is the high purchase price of the gas bottles and the stove. One intervention could be to make the gas bottles cheaper. 
Sensitization campaigns: “what you cannot see is difficult to understand”. It is difficult to understand the effect of actions if you don´t see the effects directly. Therefore, environmental education is important. At this point, it is also important to strengthen the formation of community institutions.

Figure 1. BBN structure constructed by the Group Central. 

2.	Group Niassa

a)	Linking of Wellbeing with ecosystem services

From the 8 most important wellbeing components, they selected the 4 more related with ecosystem services. Then they started to introduce factors and actions and its relationships. 

Table 4. Indicators forming the BBN constructed by Group Niassa:
Wellbeing	Relation with ES	Negative effects	Political interventions	
Food security	Soil fertility
Water 
Forests
Fruits, meet, medicines
Charcoal
Firewood
Mats
Construction tools
Wood	Human action
Excessive use of fertilizers
Erosion
Uncontrolled forest fires
Exhaustion of soils Deforestation
Poaching
Water pollution
Rivers deterioration 
Siltation	Apply to the 3 areas: Capacity building in communities (accountability). 
1.	Conservation agriculture, controlled bushfires, environmental education, implementation of effective policies (land, environment, conservation, mines, community management), construction of improved grain storage systems
2.	Strengthening of control mechanisms, effective use of management plans, reforestation, better management of conflicts with wild animals, environmental education, land-use planning, controlled bushfires, nature conservation law
3.	Water politics, water retention and management, pumping systems for water, water storage systems , water sanitation, construction of water supply systems	
Ability to buy goods for production				
Quality of housing				
Access to drinking water				

Figure 2. BBN structure constructed by the Group Niassa. 

3.	Group Manica
Some comments from the discussion in the Manica Group: 
•	Availability of good quality machambas: Soil and wáter are needed, for production and for livestock.  Important windbreaks and soil retention, as well as droughts, floods, deforestation, bush fires and soil erosion. 
•	Livestock: they think it is important, although it is not for food security, but as a way of having savings. 
•	Quality of housing (the roof may be grass).
•	Access to education – the school needs to be near the village. 
•	In Manica there exist a great potential for wild animals farms (for hunting, safaries). It is not clear if they said that because the population live in areas with little access to water. 

Table 5. Indicators forming the BBN constructed by Group Manica:
Wellbeing	Relation with ES	Negative effects	Political interventions	
Food security	Sufficient water availability with good quality; fertile soils
	Soil erosion,
bushfires	Obedience to technical norms, reforestation, construction of dikes	
Access to NTFP	Honey extraction, hunting	 Gold digging (Garimpo); bushfires, deforestation	Good mining practices	
Availability of machambas with good quality	Windbreaks, water retention capacity of soils	Drought, floods, soil erosion, deforestation, bushfires 	Cultivation along contour lines, Plantation of vetiver (grass species), re- and afforestation	
Ability to buy goods for production	Honey extraction, hunting, charcoal production	Bushfires, deforestation	Improved beehives, stimulation of animal husbandry, breeding domestic rats, re- and afforestation with native and exotic species, creation of firebreaks	

Figure 3. BBN structure constructed by the Manica Group. 

4.	General remarcs
Indicators which were selected as important for the wellbeing in rural areas by all three groups: Access to education, Food security, Access to drinking water, Access to health facilities, Ability to buy good for production. 
Interestingly, no one of the groups selected Access to energy as an important criteria.