REPORT WITH THE RESULTS FROM THE BBN WORKSHOPS IN QUELIMANE

Quelimane (Zambezia Province) – Mozambique 10/2015

Julieta Matediane and Pedro Zorrilla-Miras
01/12/2015

ACES PROJECT: LIVELIHOODS AND LAND USE CHANGE IN MOZAMBIQUE
WP 1 AND WP5

© University of Edinburgh

The workshops in Quelimane – Zambezia province was carried out in October 2015 and we obtained the participatory data necessary to design the structure of the BBN model. The method used followed the “BBN_Workshop_2_Methodology” document. 
1.	BBN and Land use change associated to each intervention

Table 1 – land use change associated to each intervention – Zambézia province – small scale commercial agriculture
Land cover	Initial area occupied in Zambézia	Reforestation with native species	Production of pasture and forage	Training in new production techniques	Intensify the supervision of legal framework	Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers *	Conservation agriculture *	
	2012 (ha)	2012 (%)	Year 2035	
Mixed forest	2,975,931	28	36%	20%	25%	30%	28%	28%	
Miombo woodland	2,149,106	20	 22%	20%	23%	20%	20%	20%	
Shrublands 	1,729,159	16	16%	21%	16%	14%	16%	16%	
Cropped lands	3,209,719	31	23%	36%	31%	31%	31%	31%	
other	285,481	3	3%	3%	5%	3%	3%	3%	
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	
Any other							*improve	*improve	

Table 2 – Land use change associated to each intervention – Zambézia province – Subsistence agriculture group
Land cover	Initial area occupied in Zambézia	Agrarian extension and technology transfer	Zoning and forest land use 	Crop rotation and use of fertilizers	Conservation agriculture	Use of alternatives sources of energy	Awareness raising on fire control and planting new trees	
	2012 (ha)	2012 (%)	Year 2035	
Mixed forest	2,975,931	28	20%	20%	29%	29%	30%	29%	
Miombo woodland	2,149,106	20	16%	15%	21%	21%	25%	23%	
Shrublands 	1,729,159	16	14%	13%	10%	11%	18%	18%	
Cropped lands	3,209,719	31	40%	50%	35%	35%	17%	21%	
Others - Mangroove	285,481	3	10%	2%	5%	4%	10%	9%	
Total	100	100	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	

Table 3 – Land use change associated to each intervention – Zambézia province – Large scale commercial agriculture
Land cover	Initial area occupied in Zambézia	Zoning	Forest Management	Adaptation technologies	Environmental education	Markets	supervision	
	2012 (ha)	2012 (%)	Year 2035 (%)	
Mixed forest	2,975,931	28	20	28	28	26	24	28	
Miombo woodland	2,149,106	20	24	22	20	20	18	20	
Shrublands 	1,729,159	16	11	10	16	16	16	16	
Cropped lands	3,209,719	31	36	33	31	33	37	33	
Others – Forest plantation with exotic species	285,481	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	
Total	100	100	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	
Any other- housing			6	4	2	2	2	Keeps	

2.	 BBN and Land use change associated with each selected intervention

2.1.	Small scale commercial agriculture group
The wellbeing factors considered most important by the group where: drinking water, food security and nutrition, access to health, access to education, protection against disasters. The ecosystem services related to each wellbeing factors are: 
Drinking water - Regulation of water cycle
Access to health - is related to medicinal plants, wild food, fishing and hunting;
Access to education - protection against natural disturbs;
The protection against disasters – is related to the erosion control and protection against natural disturbs 
The selected interventions to reduce the impact on the ecosystems services are:
1.	Reforestation with native species  to mitigate the negative effects in the water cycle, improve the soil fertility, reduce de erosion as well as support the protection against disasters;
2.	Production of pasture and forage  will improve the pasture availability;
3.	Training on new production techniques  will support the improvement of soil proprieties;
4.	Strengthen the legal framework supervision - the low exist, what does not exist is the supervision to improve the low implementation. It must be improved to fishing, hunting and sustainable environment management in order to guarantee the protection against natural disaster and erosion control;
5.	Reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides  - with effect in soil fertility;
6.	Conservation agriculture – protection against natural disturbs, soil erosion, soil infertility and control of water cycle.
The plenary questioned why the group choose access to health and not access to good health – and the consensus was to change it to access to quality health services. The water cycle regulation should be linked to access to education. And finally the relation pesticides and soil fertility – the pesticides are being used without considering their phytotoxicity/toxic reaction, what interferes in the soil decomposition.

2.2.	Subsistence agriculture group
The wellbeing factors selected by the group were – food security and nutrition, drinking water, access to health services, access to education. The relation between the wellbeing factor and ecosystem services are:
Food security and nutrition – may be ensured by the access to firewood that can be sold to improve the household income. Though, this activity has implication in forest lost;
Drinking water – is related to access to education through the creation of knowledge for the maintenance of water cycle and the continuity of access to drinking water;
Access to health care - it has relation with access to wild plants and animals. Both animals and plants are important to food security;
Pasture, hunting, fishing and availability of new areas for agriculture – will also ensure the food security and nutrition. Though, all these wellbeing factors need the access to education for better management;
The practices of shifting cultivation take to the exposure of new areas to the environment hazards – affecting negatively the control of soil erosion, the water cycle and the availability of medicinal plants and animals;
Construction materials and tools – need the existence of some knowledge to better management of the resources it means access to education and specific trainings;
Relationship between tourism and food security – the tourism development in a particular area takes to the increase of income and can contribute to the improvement of food security and nutrition due to the promotion of alternatives income activities related to tourism, e.g. handcraft, etc.
As way to reduce the pressing on the resources the group propose the following intervention actions
1.	Reforestation in degraded areas - ;
2.	Zoning – as the way to better define the areas for each activities and identification of fallow lands;
3.	Use of fertilizers and crop rotation – must be used to reduce the pressing on natural resources caused by shifting cultivation and low production seasons;
4.	Results demonstration fields and continue agrarian assistance – 
5.	Technology transference – that allow the maximization of income and consequently increase of land productivity;
6.	Community awareness raising – regarding fires, conservation agriculture practices, use of alternative energy sources as a way to reduce the pressing on the forest.

2.3.	Large-scale commercial agriculture group
The selected wellbeing factors were – food security and nutrition, calm, pleasant and health village, access to education and health cares. The ecosystem services related to these wellbeing factors and the intervention to make it sustainable: 
1.	Hunting - that contribute to the food security and nutrition. To make this sustainable is important to perform scientific studies (wildlife inventory) to know the population size of each specie, to ensure the compliance of close season and social responsibility;
2.	Pasture  - ensure the food security and nutrition and the interventions related to this is the establishment of silvipastoral systems;
3.	Soil fertility – contribute to food security and nutrition and the related intervention is soil management to increase de productivity.
4.	Tourism – a pleasant village attract tourists that are an income alternative source. Sustainable tourism/ecotourism with a previous environmental impact study to ensure the compliance of loading capacity of the place, better management of solid waste, strong supervising to ensure the compliance of legislation and finally zoning to define areas for each different activity;
5.	Fishing – fishing management, through the establishment of the size of fish, king of fishing equipment, supervising and compliance of close season;
6.	Soil erosion control – the communities must be trained to control erosion;
7.	Forest management – important for logging areas. Many logging concession or licenses do not have forest engineer to ensure the compliance of the management plan;
8.	Community training – in order to know their rights and be able to fight for them, and for the sustainable use of natural resources
9.	Natural resources management committees – important for the community democratization, in order to be more participative;
10.	Implementation of legal framework – 
All these will reflect in markets, as the sustainable exploitation natural resources (certified logging through good forest management plans) and production give an added value to the products in the market. High income generation may contribute for to reduce the need to open new production areas   
The environmental impact studies are basic for the sustainable development. 
The community training and democratization, and management committees – are important factors for commercial agriculture of large scale as it will support the communities to know their rights and better discuss with big companies the agreements signed or to sign.
The facilitator called the attention for the fact that any group talked about the land tenure security, something that may affect the most vulnerable; the social inclusion of the marginalized people; the livestock and wildlife was also not referred. 
This raise up the discussion on how to improve the access to land by small farmers. The explanation given by one of participants that works with land was: by the law the community farmers have the land tenure through customary rights. Though, there is a formal DUAT that is what worried some farmers that a linked with big investment (their own or from outside big company). In Gurué in particular because the farmers have a business vision, they are really worried to have the formal DUAT, to avoid land losses for the big investment coming to the district. Emergent producers (more than 2 ha) supported by CLUSA (NGO), have the process of DUAT acquisition in progress. The land use issues in Gurué make that the communities have better sense on the need of to have a forma DUAT, and they look for the local authorities to acquire at least the temporary DUAT.       
Some remarks form participants in the first day of the workshop that was covered by scenarios refining:
o	They were satisfied with presented analysis;
o	The material presented and discussed was very good and gave the opportunity to discuss different opinions between the participants;

Group 3 – small scale commercial agriculture
Questions:
Why the option for good health and not access to health? Shifting from good health to access to quality health
Why the choice of regulating the hydrological cycle and not access to education?
What is the relationship between pasture production and pasture: when we open the farms we are reducing pasture areas. There is a relationship between food security and pasture.
Suggestion: rural extension should have been identified as one of the interventions, since small-scale talk is being discussed.