{"id":"bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d","uri":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d","type":"dataset","title":"Groundwater levels (2019-2021) and rainfall data (2020-2021) collected with a citizen science approach on the Indian Ocean island of Karainagar, Sri Lanka","description":"This dataset includes measurements of groundwater levels (2019–2021) and rainfall data (2020–2021), collected through citizen participation on the Indian Ocean island of Karainagar, Sri Lanka. Karainagar, the study area, is one of seven islands located off the coast of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka. This rectangular island is bounded on three sides by the Palk Strait, while the fourth side faces the Jaffna Lagoon and is connected to the mainland by a causeway. Karainagar covers an area of approximately 22 km², including inland water bodies. Seven dug wells used for domestic purposes were inventoried and monitored to track groundwater levels. Rainfall data were collected from six locations, including two schools, three households, and one village government office (Grama Niladhari Office).","metadataDate":"2026-03-25T16:51:49","resourceIdentifiers":[{"code":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d"},{"code":"10.5285/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d","codeSpace":"doi:"}],"relationships":[{"relation":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/relation","target":"ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358"}],"lineage":"A citizen science initiative engaged local well owners, trained volunteers, and schoolchildren in monitoring groundwater and measuring rainfall. Participants were taught to measure water levels using a tape specifically modified for groundwater monitoring, and to record rainfall using a Holman rain gauge. The dimensions of dug wells—including kerb height, diameter or width, and bottom elevation—were measured using a measuring tape. The locations of rain gauges, dug wells, and ground elevations relative to Mean Sea Level (MSL) were determined using a Global Positioning System (GPS) and land surveys. Daily rainfall time series data were obtained from the records of the Agrarian Services Centre (ASC) in Karainagar.","spatialRepresentationTypes":["textTable"],"topicCategories":[{"value":"environment","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/TopicCategory/environment"},{"value":"inlandWaters","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/TopicCategory/inlandWaters"},{"value":"utilitiesCommunication","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/TopicCategory/utilitiesCommunication"}],"keywordsTheme":[{"value":"Hydrology","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/9"},{}],"keywordsOther":[{"value":"Climate and climate change"},{"value":"Dug Well"},{"value":"Groundwater"},{"value":"Hydrology "},{"value":"Karainagar Island"},{"value":"Rainfall"},{"value":"Sri Lanka"},{"value":"Water Level"},{"value":"Citizen Science "}],"distributionFormats":[{"name":"Comma-separated values (CSV)","type":"text/csv","version":"unknown"}],"inspireThemes":[{"theme":"Hydrography","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme/hy"}],"funding":[{"funderName":"Natural Environment Research Council","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509","awardNumber":"NE/X006247/1","orcid":false,"ror":true},{"funderName":"World Bank","awardNumber":"AHEAD-R2-DOR6","orcid":false,"ror":false}],"boundingBoxes":[{"westBoundLongitude":79.847,"eastBoundLongitude":79.904,"southBoundLatitude":9.702,"northBoundLatitude":9.768,"bounds":"{\"type\": \"Feature\",      \"properties\": {},      \"geometry\": {        \"type\": \"Polygon\",        \"coordinates\": [[[79.847, 9.702], [79.847, 9.768], [79.904, 9.768], [79.904, 9.702], [79.847, 9.702]]]      }}","coordinates":"[[[79.847, 9.702], [79.847, 9.768], [79.904, 9.768], [79.904, 9.702], [79.847, 9.702]]]"}],"distributorContacts":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"distributor","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"responsibleParties":[{"displayName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"pointOfContact","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","fullName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","pointOfContact":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology"},{"familyName":"Mahadeva","givenName":"K.T.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"ktmahadeva@gmail.com","fullName":"Mahadeva, K.T."},{"familyName":"Suren","givenName":"S.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"subathirasuren@gmail.com","fullName":"Suren, S."},{"familyName":"Mayuran","givenName":"S.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"m.mayuran1993@gmail.com","fullName":"Mayuran, S."},{"familyName":"Kirishnaraja","givenName":"S.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"ikarthiga@univ.jfn.ac.lk","fullName":"Kirishnaraja, S."},{"familyName":"Karthiga","givenName":"I.","organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"author","email":"karthigainthirakumaran@gmail.com","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-6934","fullName":"Karthiga, I."},{"familyName":"Rameshwaran","givenName":"P.","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"author","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-953X","fullName":"Rameshwaran, P."},{"familyName":"Ketheesan","givenName":"B.","organisationName":"University of 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(2023). Groundwater mapping and locally engaged water governance in a small island terrain: Case study of Karainagar island, Northern Sri Lanka. World Water Policy, 9(3), 456-480.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12112","function":"relatedArticle"},{"description":"Karthiga, I., Rameshwaran, P., Ketheesan, B., & Sriskandarajah, N. (2022). Aquifer monitoring and community engagement in groundwater management for water security in northern Sri Lanka. 7th Annual Research Symposium, The International Water Conference 2022, 14-16 of December 2022. National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Sri Lanka, 256-263.","url":"https://cewas.nwsdb.lk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/7th-annual-Research-symposium-proceeding-book.pdf","function":"relatedArticle"}],"datasetReferenceDate":{"publicationDate":"2025-06-27"},"useConstraints":[{"value":"This resource is available under the terms of the Open Government Licence","code":"license","uri":"https://eidc.ac.uk/licences/ogl/plain"}],"resourceType":{"value":"dataset","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/ResourceType/dataset"},"accessLimitation":{"value":"no limitations to public access","code":"Available","uri":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2"},"notGEMINI":false,"hasOnlineServiceAgreement":true,"licences":[{"value":"This resource is available under the terms of the Open Government Licence","code":"license","uri":"https://eidc.ac.uk/licences/ogl/plain"}],"topics":["http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/9"],"incomingCitationCount":0,"publishers":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"publisher","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"authors":[{"familyName":"Mahadeva","givenName":"K.T.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"ktmahadeva@gmail.com","fullName":"Mahadeva, K.T."},{"familyName":"Suren","givenName":"S.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"subathirasuren@gmail.com","fullName":"Suren, S."},{"familyName":"Mayuran","givenName":"S.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"m.mayuran1993@gmail.com","fullName":"Mayuran, S."},{"familyName":"Kirishnaraja","givenName":"S.","organisationName":"Citizen Science Volunteer, Karainagar, Sri Lanka","role":"author","email":"ikarthiga@univ.jfn.ac.lk","fullName":"Kirishnaraja, S."},{"familyName":"Karthiga","givenName":"I.","organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"author","email":"karthigainthirakumaran@gmail.com","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-6934","fullName":"Karthiga, I."},{"familyName":"Rameshwaran","givenName":"P.","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"author","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-953X","fullName":"Rameshwaran, P."},{"familyName":"Ketheesan","givenName":"B.","organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"author","email":"kethees@eng.jfn.ac.lk","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-7091","fullName":"Ketheesan, B."},{"familyName":"Sriskandarajah","givenName":"N.","organisationName":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","role":"author","email":"nadarajah.sriskandarajah@slu.se","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9429-6767","fullName":"Sriskandarajah, N."}],"publicationDate":"2025-06-27T00:00:00.000+00:00","infoLinks":[{"url":"https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/sd/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d.zip","name":"Supporting information","description":"Supporting information available to assist in re-use of this dataset","function":"information","type":"OTHER"}],"availability":"Available","pointsOfContact":[{"displayName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"pointOfContact","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","fullName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","pointOfContact":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology"}],"rightsHolders":[{"organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"rightsHolder"},{"organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"rightsHolder"}],"custodians":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"custodian","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"citation":{"authors":["Mahadeva, K.T.","Suren, S.","Mayuran, S.","Kirishnaraja, S.","Karthiga, I.","Rameshwaran, P.","Ketheesan, B.","Sriskandarajah, N."],"doi":"10.5285/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d","title":"Groundwater levels (2019-2021) and rainfall data (2020-2021) collected with a citizen science approach on the Indian Ocean island of Karainagar, Sri Lanka","publisher":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","resourceTypeGeneral":"dataset","year":2025,"month":6,"day":27,"bibtex":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/documents/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d/citation?format=bib","ris":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/documents/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d/citation?format=ris","url":"https://doi.org/10.5285/bce114d8-8f3b-49e0-90c6-f0788c1e9a0d"}}