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Data on population distribution for the United Kingdom is available from statistical offices in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland and provided to the public e.g. via the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Population data is typically provided in tabular form or, based on a range of different geographical units, in file types for geographical information systems (GIS), for instance as ESRI Shapefiles. The geographical units reflect administrative boundaries at different levels of detail, from Devolved Administration to Output Areas (OA), wards or intermediate geographies. While the presentation of data on the level of these geographical units is useful for statistical purposes, accounting for spatial variability for instance of environmental determinants of public health requires a more spatially homogeneous population distribution. For this purpose, the dataset presented here combines 2011 UK Census population data on Output Area level with Land Cover Map 2015 land-use classes 'urban' and 'suburban' to create a consistent and comprehensive gridded population data product at 1 km x 1 km spatial resolution. The mapping product is based on British National Grid (OSGB36 datum).","distributionFormats":[{"name":"ASCII grid","type":"text/plain","version":"unknown"}],"distributorContacts":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"distributor","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"id":"0995e94d-6d42-40c1-8ed4-5090d82471e1","incomingCitationCount":18,"incomingCitations":[{"description":"Reis, S., Liška, T., Vieno, M., Carnell, E. J., Beck, R., Clemens, T., … Heal, M. R. (2018). The influence of residential and workday population mobility on exposure to air pollution in the UK. Environment International, 121, 803–813. ","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.005","type":"academic"},{"description":"Visser-Quinn, A., Beevers, L., Collet, L., Formetta, G., Smith, K., Wanders, N., … Kumar, R. (2019). Spatio-temporal analysis of compound hydro-hazard extremes across the UK. Advances in Water Resources, 130, 77–90.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.05.019","type":"academic"},{"description":"Sumner, S., Bevan, P., Hart, A.G., & Isaac, N.J.B. (2019). Mapping species distributions in 2 weeks using citizen science. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 12(5), 382-388.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12345","type":"academic"},{"description":"Watson, J., Zidek, J.V., & Shaddick, G. (2019). A general theory for preferential sampling in environmental networks. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 13(4), 2662-2700.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1214/19-aoas1288","type":"academic"},{"description":"Reis, S., Liska, T., Vieno, M., Carnell, E., Beck, R., Clemens, T., Dragosits, U., Tomlinson, S., Leaver, D., & Heal, M. (2018). The Influence of Residential and Workday Population Mobility on Exposure to Air Pollution in the UK.ISEE Conference Abstracts, 2018(1).","url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isesisee.2018.o03.02.16","type":"academic"},{"description":"Stański, K., Lycett, S., Porphyre, T. & Bronsvoort, B.M. de C. (2021) Using machine learning improves predictions of herd-level bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain. Scientific Reports 11.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81716-4","type":"academic"},{"description":"Macintyre, H.L., Mitsakou, C., Vieno, M., Heal, M.R., Heaviside, C. & Exley, K.S. (2023) Future impacts of O3 on respiratory hospital admission in the UK from current emissions policies. Environment International 178, 108046.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108046","type":"academic"},{"description":"Coney, J., Pickering, B., Dufton, D., Lukach, M., Brooks, B., & Neely, R.R., III. (2022). How useful are crowdsourced air temperature observations? An assessment of Netatmo stations and quality control schemes over the United Kingdom. Meteorological Applications, 29(3).","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2075","type":"academic"},{"description":"Macintyre, H.L., Mitsakou, C., Vieno, M., Heal, M.R., Heaviside, C., & Exley, K.S. (2023). Impacts of emissions policies on future UK mortality burdens associated with air pollution. Environment International, 174, 107862. ","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107862","type":"academic"},{"description":"Bassett, R., Young, P.J., Blair, G.S., Cai, X.M., & Chapman, L. (2020). Urbanisation’s contribution to climate warming in Great Britain. Environmental Research Letters, 15(11), 114014.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abbb51","type":"academic"},{"description":"Ascott, M.J., Gooddy, D.C., & Surridge, B.W.J. (2018). Public Water Supply Is Responsible for Significant Fluxes of Inorganic Nitrogen in the Environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(24), 14050–14060.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03204","type":"academic"},{"description":"Dobson, M.C., Warren, P.H., & Edmondson, J.L. (2021). Assessing the Direct Resource Requirements of Urban Horticulture in the United Kingdom: A Citizen Science Approach. Sustainability, 13(5), 2628.","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052628","type":"academic"},{"description":"Madankan, M., & Renforth, P. (2023). An inventory of UK mineral resources suitable for enhanced rock weathering. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 130, 104010.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.104010","type":"academic"},{"description":"Libuy, N., Fitzsimons, E., & Church, D. (2024). Describing the geographical linkage between the UK Millennium Cohort Study and crime incidents in England and Wales. International Journal of Population Data Science, 9(1).","url":"https://doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v9i1.2132","type":"academic"},{"description":"Murage, P., Macintyre, H.L., Heaviside, C., Vardoulakis, S., Fučkar, N., Rimi, R.H., & Hajat, S. (2024). Future temperature-related mortality in the UK under climate change scenarios: Impact of population ageing and bias-corrected climate projections. Environmental Research, 259, 119565.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119565","type":"academic"},{"description":"de la Cruz Libardi, A., Masselot, P., Schneider, R., Nightingale, E., Milojevic, A., Vanoli, J., Mistry, M.N., & Gasparrini, A. (2024). High resolution mapping of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter in Great Britain (2003–2021) with multi-stage data reconstruction and ensemble machine learning methods. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 15(11), 102284. ","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102284","type":"academic"},{"description":"Whelan, M.J., Pemberton, E., Hughes, C.B., Swansborough, C., Goslan, E.H., Gouin, T., Bell, V.A., Bird, E., Bull, S., Segal, L., Cook, S.H., Jephcote, C., & Fane, S. (2025). A tiered assessment of human health risks associated with exposure to persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals via drinking water. Science of The Total Environment, 958, 177868.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177868","type":"academic"},{"description":"Stewart, P.S., Barwell, L.J., Turvey, K., Barbrook, J., Green, S., Pérez‐Sierra, A., Purse, B.V., & Chapman, D. (2026). Patterns and Drivers of Pest and Disease Occurrence in UK Treescapes. Global Change Biology, 32(2)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70706","type":"academic"}],"infoLinks":[{"url":"https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/sd/0995e94d-6d42-40c1-8ed4-5090d82471e1.zip","name":"Supporting information","description":"Supporting information available to assist in re-use of this dataset","function":"information","type":"OTHER"}],"inspireThemes":[{"theme":"Population Distribution - Demography","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme/pd"}],"keywordsOther":[{"value":"human population","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/4056"},{"value":"land cover","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/4612"}],"keywordsTheme":[{"value":"Mapping","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/18"},{"value":"Environmental risk","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/5"}],"licences":[{"value":"This resource is made available under the terms of the Open Government Licence","code":"license","uri":"https://eidc.ac.uk/licences/ogl-ons/plain"}],"lineage":"Census data from the Office of National Statistics have been downloaded as CSV files.\n\nLand Cover Map 2015 vector data has been obtained from CEH.\n\nOutput Area geography data (Extent of the Realm), were obtained for England & Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland.\n\nThe processing steps are detailed in the Supporting Documentation.\n\nTo ensure consistency of the final product, total population numbers were compared, at each processing step, with the official 2011 Census totals. 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