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The survey was conducted in 2022 and the questions covered two seasons (summer and winter) asked at a single visit in the summer season. The questions on the winter season were based on recall.\nThe data cover the following topics: household characteristics, general farm characteristics, plot characteristics, crop production and harvest, synthetic and organic fertilizer use and compost production, labour, irrigation, pesticides, livestock, information sources, drivers of and barriers to adoption of sustainable practices, attitude, behaviour, perception and opinion, household expenditure and income, household asset and wealth, subsidies.\nThe data were collected primarily to assess differences in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and sustainable nitrogen practices between households. The data also aim to enhance understanding of farmers’ attitudes, opinion and decision making affecting NUE in crop production and farm related factors which enable adoption of sustainable practices. \nThe data are part of a wider SANH (South Asian Nitrogen Hub) harmonised household survey covering Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.\n","distributionFormats":[{"name":"Comma-separated values (CSV)","type":"text/csv","version":"unknown"}],"distributorContacts":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"distributor","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"funding":[{"funderName":"Natural Environment Research Council","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509","awardNumber":"NE/S009019/2","orcid":false,"ror":true}],"hasOnlineServiceAgreement":true,"id":"3b7a3e0b-48e5-4395-b4c6-79bb43ae31e3","incomingCitationCount":0,"infoLinks":[{"url":"https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/sd/3b7a3e0b-48e5-4395-b4c6-79bb43ae31e3.zip","name":"Supporting information","description":"Supporting information available to assist in re-use of this dataset","function":"information","type":"OTHER"}],"keywordsOther":[{"value":"agricultural economics"},{"value":"agricultural production"},{"value":"compost"},{"value":"crop production"},{"value":"decision making"},{"value":"economics"},{"value":"fertiliser"},{"value":"gender"},{"value":"livestock"},{"value":"manure"},{"value":"nitrogen","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CAST/273"},{"value":"nitrogen use efficiency"},{"value":"subsidies"},{"value":"water"}],"keywordsPlace":[{"value":"Nepal"},{"value":"South Asia"}],"keywordsTheme":[{"value":"Agriculture","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/1"}],"licences":[{"value":"This resource is available under the terms of the Open Government Licence","code":"license","uri":"https://eidc.ac.uk/licences/ogl/plain"}],"lineage":"The Terai region was purposively selected for the study as agriculture is dominant in the Terai region. Thereafter, multipurpose random sampling was used to select three districts i.e., Morang, Mahottari and Kailali districts. From each district, two municipalities were selected and from each municipality, two villages were chosen for the study. Twenty-five farming households were randomly chosen within each village. In total, 100 farmers were included from each district, resulting in a total of 300 farmers.\nThe survey was administered in person in farmers’ homes, field or pre-agreed location in the community where the farmer lives. Enumerators entered farmers’ responses to each question in a pre-prepared template which was then transferred to the CSV data file.\nThe data were prepared for the requirements of the study and made ready for analysis by removing duplicate records, spelling errors, differences in capitalisation and spacing, inconsistent formats, mixed numerical scales and mixed ranges.\n","metadataDate":"2026-06-29T16:19:58","notGEMINI":true,"onlineResources":[{"url":"https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/data/3b7a3e0b-48e5-4395-b4c6-79bb43ae31e3","name":"Download the data","description":"Download a copy of this data","function":"download","type":"OTHER"},{"url":"https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/sd/3b7a3e0b-48e5-4395-b4c6-79bb43ae31e3.zip","name":"Supporting information","description":"Supporting information available to assist in re-use of this 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