{"accessLimitation":{"value":"embargoed","availability":"Embargoed","description":"Access to the resource is restricted until a specified date or the occurrence of a defined condition, after which access may be granted in accordance with applicable policies or licensing conditions","uri":"http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/N07/current/EMBG/"},"authors":[{"familyName":"Karthiga","givenName":"I.","organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"author","email":"karthigainthirakumaran@gmail.com","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-6934","fullName":"Karthiga, I."},{"familyName":"Rameshwaran","givenName":"P.","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"author","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-953X","fullName":"Rameshwaran, P."},{"familyName":"Ketheesan","givenName":"B.","organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"author","email":"kethees@eng.jfn.ac.lk","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-7091","fullName":"Ketheesan, B."},{"familyName":"Sriskandarajah","givenName":"N.","organisationName":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","role":"author","email":"nadarajah.sriskandarajah@slu.se","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9429-6767","fullName":"Sriskandarajah, N."}],"availability":"Embargoed","boundingBoxes":[{"westBoundLongitude":79.847,"eastBoundLongitude":79.904,"southBoundLatitude":9.702,"northBoundLatitude":9.768,"bounds":"{\"type\": \"Feature\",      \"properties\": {},      \"geometry\": {        \"type\": \"Polygon\",        \"coordinates\": [[[79.847, 9.702], [79.847, 9.768], [79.904, 9.768], [79.904, 9.702], [79.847, 9.702]]]      }}","coordinates":"[[[79.847, 9.702], [79.847, 9.768], [79.904, 9.768], [79.904, 9.702], [79.847, 9.702]]]"}],"citation":{"authors":["Karthiga, I.","Rameshwaran, P.","Ketheesan, B.","Sriskandarajah, N."],"bibtex":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/documents/ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358/citation?format=bib","day":28,"doi":"10.5285/ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358","month":5,"publisher":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","resourceTypeGeneral":"dataset","ris":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/documents/ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358/citation?format=ris","title":"Groundwater levels, salinity, pH, and rainfall on the Indian Ocean island of Karainagar, Sri Lanka, 2019–2024","url":"https://doi.org/10.5285/ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358","year":2025},"custodians":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"custodian","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"datasetReferenceDate":{"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","releasedDate":"2026-08-31"},"description":"This dataset includes measurements of groundwater levels, salinity, and pH collected from 36 dug wells, along with rainfall data, on the Indian Ocean island of Karainagar, Sri Lanka, spanning the period from 2019 to 2024. Karainagar, the study area, is one of seven islands located off the coast of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka. This rectangular island is bounded on three sides by the Palk Strait, while the fourth side faces the Jaffna Lagoon and is connected to the mainland by a causeway. Karainagar covers an area of approximately 22 km², including inland water bodies. Thirty-six dug wells—used for agricultural, domestic, Kovil (Temple), and public purposes—were inventoried. These wells were monitored to track groundwater levels and key physicochemical parameters, specifically salinity (measured as electrical conductivity, EC) and pH, on Karainagar Island.","distributionFormats":[{"name":"Comma-separated values (CSV)","type":"text/csv","version":"unknown"}],"distributorContacts":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"distributor","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"funding":[{"funderName":"World Bank","awardNumber":"AHEAD-R2-DOR6","orcid":false,"ror":false},{"funderName":"Natural Environment Research Council","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509","awardNumber":"NE/X006247/1","orcid":false,"ror":true}],"hasOnlineServiceAgreement":true,"id":"ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358","incomingCitationCount":0,"inspireThemes":[{"theme":"Environmental Monitoring Facilities","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme/ef"}],"keywordsOther":[{"value":"pH"},{"value":"Electrical Conductivity"},{"value":"groundwater","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/3780"},{"value":"atmospheric precipitation","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/637"},{"value":"water salinity","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/12226"},{"value":"freshwater","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/3485"},{"value":"brackish water","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/984"},{"value":"water well","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/9255"},{"value":"water level","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/9190"}],"keywordsPlace":[{"value":"Sri Lanka"},{"value":"Karainagar Island"}],"keywordsTheme":[{"value":"Hydrology","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/9"},{"value":"Climate and climate change","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/4"},{"value":"Water quality","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/16"}],"licences":[{"value":"This resource is available under the terms of the Open Government Licence","code":"license","uri":"https://eidc.ac.uk/licences/ogl/plain"}],"lineage":"Groundwater levels and well dimensions (kerb height, diameter/width, and bottom elevation) were measured using a measuring tape. The locations of the dug wells and ground elevations relative to Mean Sea Level (MSL) were determined using a Global Positioning System (GPS) and land surveys. Salinity (measured as electrical conductivity, EC) and pH were recorded using a Hach HQ40D multi-parameter meter. Daily rainfall time series data were obtained from the records of the Agrarian Services Centre (ASC) in Karainagar.","metadataDate":"2026-06-27T20:05:33","notGEMINI":false,"pointsOfContact":[{"displayName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"pointOfContact","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","fullName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","pointOfContact":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology"}],"publicationDate":"2025-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","publishers":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"publisher","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"resourceIdentifiers":[{"code":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358"},{"code":"10.5285/ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358","codeSpace":"doi"}],"resourceType":{"value":"dataset"},"responsibleParties":[{"displayName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"pointOfContact","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","fullName":"Ponnambalam Rameshwaran","pointOfContact":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology"},{"familyName":"Karthiga","givenName":"I.","organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"author","email":"karthigainthirakumaran@gmail.com","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-6934","fullName":"Karthiga, I."},{"familyName":"Rameshwaran","givenName":"P.","organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"author","email":"enquiries@ceh.ac.uk","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-953X","fullName":"Rameshwaran, P."},{"familyName":"Ketheesan","givenName":"B.","organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"author","email":"kethees@eng.jfn.ac.lk","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-7091","fullName":"Ketheesan, B."},{"familyName":"Sriskandarajah","givenName":"N.","organisationName":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","role":"author","email":"nadarajah.sriskandarajah@slu.se","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9429-6767","fullName":"Sriskandarajah, N."},{"organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"rightsHolder"},{"organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"rightsHolder"},{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"custodian","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"},{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"publisher","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"rightsHolders":[{"organisationName":"University of Jaffna","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","role":"rightsHolder"},{"organisationName":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00pggkr55","role":"rightsHolder"}],"spatialReferenceSystems":[{"code":"http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326","title":"WGS 84"}],"spatialRepresentationTypes":["textTable"],"supplemental":[{"description":"Karthiga, I., Rameshwaran, P., Ketheesan, B., & Sriskandarajah, N. (2023). Groundwater mapping and locally engaged water governance in a small island terrain: Case study of Karainagar island, Northern Sri Lanka. World Water Policy, 9(3), 456-480.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12112","function":"relatedArticle"},{"description":"Karthiga, I., Rameshwaran, P., Ketheesan, B., & Sriskandarajah, N. (2022). Aquifer monitoring and community engagement in groundwater management for water security in northern Sri Lanka. 7th Annual Research Symposium, The International Water Conference 2022, 14-16 of December 2022. National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Sri Lanka, 256-263.","url":"https://cewas.nwsdb.lk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/7th-annual-Research-symposium-proceeding-book.pdf","function":"relatedArticle"}],"temporalExtents":[{"begin":"2019-01-01","end":"2024-12-31"}],"title":"Groundwater levels, salinity, pH, and rainfall on the Indian Ocean island of Karainagar, Sri Lanka, 2019–2024","topicCategories":[{"value":"environment","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/TopicCategory/environment"},{"value":"inlandWaters","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/TopicCategory/inlandWaters"},{"value":"utilitiesCommunication","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/TopicCategory/utilitiesCommunication"}],"topics":["http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/9","http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/4","http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/16"],"type":"dataset","uri":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/ba22d53b-4eee-48a1-b6f3-653d252c0358","useConstraints":[{"value":"This resource is available under the terms of the Open Government Licence","code":"license","uri":"https://eidc.ac.uk/licences/ogl/plain"}]}