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The data collection employed a mixed-methods approach incorporating point counts and mist netting techniques. Surveys were carried out in multiple localities, encompassing three sites in Ghana and 5 in Zambia. \n\nThe data were collected as part of the Social and Environmental Trade-Offs in African Agriculture (Sentinel) project, funded by UK Research and Innovation via the Global Challenges Research Fund (Grant Number: ES/P011306/1). 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A two-tier stratified random sampling design was employed to select the study sites within each locality. Initially, a spatially referenced grid measuring 1 km × 1 km was used to overlay the selected locality, segregating it into potential study areas. Following this, each site was categorised into one of five broad classifications based on the dominant land type within the grid cell:\n\n•\tNot Applicable (NA): Areas unsuitable for sampling, such as urban centres.\n•\tAgriculture Only: Regions where over 95% of the grid cell is covered by agricultural land.\n•\tForest edge: Locations with 25-75% of the grid cell encompassed by forest land.\n•\tForest: Regions where more than 95% of the grid cell is forest land.\n\nA subset of sites within the categories of 'Agriculture,' 'Forest edge,' and 'Forest' were randomly selected for sampling. \n\nAt each survey point, birds were surveyed using a standardised point count methodology (Gregory et al., 2004). The sampling at these locations was conducted from dawn and lasted approximately 3 hours (with some variation depending on weather conditions), a timeframe chosen to coincide with the peak activity of forest birds. \n\nSurveying for bats was conducted at the same locations used for bird mist netting. A combination of mist-nets and harp traps were deployed at each site, with sampling taking place on separate nights. Traps were established at sunset and operated for a minimum duration of 4 hours, with regular checks conducted every 15 to 30 minutes.\n\nSeveral data inputters were used to digitally input the field data sheets. 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