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Centre","resourceTypeGeneral":"dataset","ris":"https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/documents/dde10e2b-ee1a-4b2b-a247-176db2f7bb31/citation?format=ris","title":"Daily and sub-daily hydrometeorological and soil moisture data (2013-2025) [COSMOS-UK]","url":"https://doi.org/10.5285/dde10e2b-ee1a-4b2b-a247-176db2f7bb31","year":2026},"custodians":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"custodian","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"datasetReferenceDate":{"publicationDate":"2026-07-09"},"description":"This dataset contains daily and sub-daily hydrometeorological and soil moisture observations from the COSMOS-UK (cosmic-ray soil moisture) monitoring network from October 2013 to the end of 2025 . These data are from 51 sites across the UK recording a range of hydrometeorological and soil variables.\n\nEach site in the network records the following hydrometeorological and soil data at 30-minute resolution: Radiation (short wave, long wave, and net), precipitation, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity, soil heat flux, and soil temperature and volumetric water content (VWC), measured by point sensors at various depths.\n\nEach site hosts a cosmic-ray sensing probe; a novel sensor technology which counts fast neutrons in the surrounding atmosphere. In combination with the recorded hydrometeorological data, neutron counts are used to derive VWC over a field scale (COSMOS VWC), provide at daily resolution.\n\nThe presence of snow leads to erroneously high measurements of COSMOS VWC due to all the extra water in the surrounding area. Included in the daily data are indications of snow days, on which, the COSMOS VWC are adjusted, and the snow water equivalent (SWE) is given.\n\nThe potential evapotranspiration (PE), derived from recorded hydrometeorological and soil are also included at daily resolution.\n\nTwo levels of quality control are carried out, firstly data is run through a series of automated checks, such as range tests and spike tests, and then all data is manually inspected each week where any other faults are picked up, including sensor faults or connection issues. Quality control flags are provided for all recorded (30 minute) data, indicating the reason for any missing data.\n\nThis work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/Y006208/1 as part of the UKCEH NC-UK programme delivering National Capability.","distributionFormats":[{"name":"Comma-separated values (CSV)","type":"text/csv","version":"unknown"}],"distributorContacts":[{"organisationName":"NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre","organisationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04xw4m193","role":"distributor","email":"info@eidc.ac.uk"}],"funding":[{"funderName":"Natural Environment Research Council","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509","awardTitle":"NC-UK","awardNumber":"NE/Y006208/1","awardURI":"https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FY006208%2F1","orcid":false,"ror":true}],"hasOnlineServiceAgreement":true,"id":"dde10e2b-ee1a-4b2b-a247-176db2f7bb31","incomingCitationCount":0,"infoLinks":[{"url":"https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/sd/dde10e2b-ee1a-4b2b-a247-176db2f7bb31.zip","name":"Supporting information","description":"Supporting information available to assist in re-use of this dataset","function":"information","type":"OTHER"}],"inspireThemes":[{"theme":"Atmospheric Conditions","uri":"http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme/ac"}],"keywordsOther":[{"value":"atmospheric humidity","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/626"},{"value":"air temperature","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/281"},{"value":"Atmospheric pressure"},{"value":"Cosmic-Ray sensing probe"},{"value":"COSMOS-UK"},{"value":"Longwave radiation"},{"value":"Shortwave radiation"},{"value":"Net radiation"},{"value":"Potential evapotranspiration"},{"value":"Precipitation"},{"value":"Rainfall"},{"value":"Relative humidity"},{"value":"soil","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/7843"},{"value":"soil moisture","uri":"http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/7874"},{"value":"Soil heat flux"},{"value":"Soil humidity"},{"value":"Soil temperature"},{"value":"Soil water content"},{"value":"Soil wetness"},{"value":"Soil depth 2cm"},{"value":"Soil depth 5cm"},{"value":"Soil depth 10cm"},{"value":"Soil depth 20cm"},{"value":"Soil depth 50cm"},{"value":"UK"},{"value":"Volumetric water content"},{"value":"VWC"},{"value":"Wind direction"},{"value":"Wind speed"},{"value":"Latent heat"},{"value":"Sensible heat"}],"keywordsTheme":[{"value":"Agriculture","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/1"},{"value":"Climate and climate change","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/4"},{"value":"Ecosystem services","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/6"},{"value":"Environmental survey","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/7"},{"value":"Hydrology","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/9"},{"value":"Land use","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/12"},{"value":"Soil","uri":"http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CEHMD/topic/17"}],"licences":[{"value":"This resource is available under the terms of the Open Government Licence","code":"license","uri":"https://eidc.ac.uk/licences/ogl/plain"}],"lineage":"Hydrometeorological and soil observations are recorded at sites around the UK using an array of sensors. Every hour, the raw data collected is sent to UKCEH in Wallingford, where it is subject to quality control. Soil volumetric water content data are derived from 30-minute hydrometeorological data and data from the cosmic-ray sensing probe by Python scripts run every hour. The data are calculated using the method outlined in Evans et al., 2016 (https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10929), with enhancements to calculations of CRNS depth and radial weights based on Schrön et al., 2017 (https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017). Snow water equivalents are derived by Python scripts at the end of the day from the hydrometeorological data according to Wallbank et al., 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14048). Potential evapotranspiration data are derived by Python scripts at the end of the day from the hydrometeorological data according to the Penman-Monteith method, (FAO Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements - FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56). 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