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Drones can be used to calibrate satellite remote-sensing measurements, and to map and measure environmental features such as: landscapes; land management; habitats; vegetation; crops; disease; wildlife; soil moisture; chemicals and pollution.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"9801a568-4e99-457f-9b96-428ab5d713f6","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The UKCEH drone fleet can carry a range of sensors to rapidly map and measure, for example: landscapes; land management; habitats; vegetation; crops; disease; wildlife; soil moisture; chemicals and pollution.  UKCEH Drones are registered with the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) for regulated UK use, primarily in rural settings but they can fly in urban settings with CAA and landowner permissions, and they have also been used around the world.  The drones are robust, generally stable in wind and rain, long endurance (able to cover 1 square km in one flight) and capable of carrying weights up to 1kg (though there is a trade-off between weight and battery charge which may limit endurance).  UKCEH drones offer: industry-standard quality assurance and control procedures; machine learning to detect and identify specific objects; processes and capacity to handle large data sets.  The UKCEH drone fleet comprises: (1) DJI Mavic pro 2 RGB drone - based at UKCEH Wallingford.  (2) DJI Matrice 600 heavy lift drone - based at UKCEH Wallingford - can be fitted with various sensors, but generally with hyperspectral imaging spectrometer (400-900nm).  (3) M300RTK - based at UKCEH Lancaster - with: onboard CPU for AI and UAV control; twin cameras for simultaneous multispectral and high resolution mapping; capabale of mapping 1 sq km in a single flight with LIDAR.  LIDAR processing software is available at UKCEH Lancaster to combine the spectral data with the LIDAR measurements.  Postprocessing of data using photogrammetry and vegetation indices is also available using cloud based computer processing systems.","infrastructureCategory":["Mobile observing platforms"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Climate change: mitigation","Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:49.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/02c2ae1e-e1e5-4ceb-9192-baaf8266f630","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/9801a568-4e99-457f-9b96-428ab5d713f6"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Hydro-climate Risks","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of UKCEH's Unmanned Airborne Systems (drones) is to enable high-resolution remote sensing, imaging, mapping and monitoring of environmental status and change.  Drones can be used to calibrate satellite remote-sensing measurements, and to map and measure…","state":"published","title":"Airborne Research Drones","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The UKCEH Soil Bank is UKCEH’s facility for storing and analysing soil samples from nationally important surveys and experiments. It contains soils from across England, Scotland and Wales, as well as samples from key global studies, with the majority of samples linked to an array of existing soil, vegetation, habitat and climate data.\n\nSoils are a living ecosystem involving a complex mix of minerals, decaying and stabilised organic matter and a diverse biota of microbes and microfauna. The UKCEH Soil Bank comprises both air-dried soil samples, typically used to analyse key soil properties, and frozen core samples, which can be used for DNA-based biodiversity analyses.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"d5a7b276-3fbc-4d12-b816-0f74a4692a33","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The Soil Bank houses air-dried and frozen soil samples, and is equipped with: extensive roller-racking shelving for air-dried soil samples (currently ~8000 samples); two walk-in freezer rooms, one with roller-racking, both maintained at -20 degrees (currently ~7000 frozen cores). This is coupled with laboratory facilities for processing and analyses.","infrastructureCategory":["Discovery collections"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution","Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","locations":["POINT(-2.78296 54.01318)"],"metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:37.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/a6dd2981-e815-4bbd-9737-492c7bc3511e","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/d5a7b276-3fbc-4d12-b816-0f74a4692a33"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Soils and Land Use","shortenedDescription":"The UKCEH Soil Bank is UKCEH’s facility for storing and analysing soil samples from nationally important surveys and experiments. 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Researchers use the Survey data to understand, model and predict environmental change arising from pressures such as climate change, pollution, invasive non-native species and new crops.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"56b78b0a-9b9d-4d82-ace1-c383d21e989e","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The Countryside Survey was repeated at 8-10 year intervals since 1978, then from 2019 is conducted as a rolling programme that repeats every 5 years.  Each survey or rolling programme covers around 500 one-kilometre squares across England, Scotland and Wales, with a complementary survey in Northern Ireland, representing all major landscape types (including farmland; heath; moor; small rivers and ponds).  The Survey uses standardised ecological field survey methods, now aided by online tools and apps for smartphones and tablets, to record attributes such as: ecological habitats and landscape features; streams and ponds; plant species identity and abundance; plus soil health.","infrastructureCategory":["Surveys"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Climate change: mitigation","Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:37.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/3d96cd86-79d6-4683-bda9-3d9799fe9d18","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/56b78b0a-9b9d-4d82-ace1-c383d21e989e"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Soils and Land Use","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the UKCEH Countryside Survey is to monitor status and change in the UK countryside since 1978.  Data from the Survey serve as an audit of the natural resources of the countryside and are a great source of data for researchers and the general public alike.…","state":"published","title":"UKCEH Countryside Survey","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the Conwy Research Catchment Observatory is to study landscape-scale processes for water, soil and vegetation across a whole river catchment - encompassing an array of land use and soil types from upland mountains and moors to the river-estuary transition zone (RETZ) and coast.  This observatory contributes to the Upland Water Monitoring Network (listed separately below) and also provides an experimental research platform.  It is increasingly recognised that the emergent properties of flows at the landscape and catchment scale are critical to understand landscape scale processes and to inform effective environmental management.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"7070c1a9-7f29-4e3e-b191-b4e21fbd1755","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The Conwy Research Catchment is currently equipped to provide meteorological and water quality measurements throughout the catchment area from upland to coast.  Other instruments and surveys can be deployed for specific research projects, for example to measure greenhouse gas emissions, net primary productivity, soil properties and functions, and more.  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Upland waters provide much of the UK's drinking water and act as a refuge for a cold-adapted species threatened by climate change.  UWMN data informs management, policy and legislation with respect to air pollution and water management.  Originally established as the UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network to assess the ecological impact of acid emissions on acid-sensitive surface waters around the UK, the Upland Water Monitoring Network now has a broader remit to address other potential drivers of change in upland headwater systems, particularly nitrogen deposition (causing eutrophication), climate change and land use change.  UWMN provides the UK contribution to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme ICP Waters.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"0d588453-31ab-4eeb-91a1-cf9cd2a9f387","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The Upland Waters Monitoring Network covers 11 lakes and 14 streams across the UK.  UWMN conducts chemical, physical and biological monitoring including: monthly and quarterly sampling for water chemistry; continuous monitoring of water temperature (using thermistor loggers); and a range of biological surveys (yearly for epilithic and sediment trap diatoms and macroinvertebrates; and three-yearly for aquatic macrophytes).  UWMN is closely aligned with other specialist long-term UKCEH upland water monitoring activities, particularly the Conwy and Plynlimon Research Catchments.","infrastructureCategory":["Instrumented sites"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:37.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/9f35435c-9320-4cd8-874d-7dd503aa7797","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/0d588453-31ab-4eeb-91a1-cf9cd2a9f387"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Water Resources","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the Upland Waters Monitoring Network (UWMN) is to monitor water quality and biodiversity in upland water bodies threatened by air pollution, climate change and land use change.  Upland waters provide much of the UK's drinking water and act as a refuge…","state":"published","title":"Upland Waters Monitoring Network","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of NPMS is to monitor plant species abundance and diversity across UK geographies and habitat types.  The plant biodiversity monitoring scheme is carried out by volunteer surveyors nationwide.  Plant biodiversity sustains healthy ecosystems and the natural resources and services that are essential for human life, health and economic activity.  NPMS data tell us how plants and habitats are responding to changing land use, climate and pollution, and so inform government policy, land management and conservation.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"fa6369a5-b6a8-43b3-9958-d74bbd21cb09","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"NPMS provides leadership, coordination, expert support and underlying infrastructure (including a mobile app) to enable volunteer surveyors to identify and record plant species distributions and abundance.   The NPMS provides an annual survey of 1km squares of British and Irish grids, selected through a stratified-random selection process.  Fixed plots (square of linear plots) are setup within 1km squares, within target habitats (28 categories).  Participants record a set of indicator plants of the full species complement within survey plots, aiming for at least 5 plots per 1km square.  As of 2021, over 1100 participants contribute to the NPMS and over 16,000 habitat samples have been collected.  The NPMS provides a UK biodiversity indicator 'C7 Plants of the wider countryside'.","infrastructureCategory":["Wildlife monitoring schemes"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:17.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/86848ea3-f670-4257-83f0-3649d0c52b38","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/fa6369a5-b6a8-43b3-9958-d74bbd21cb09"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Biodiversity","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of NPMS is to monitor plant species abundance and diversity across UK geographies and habitat types.  The plant biodiversity monitoring scheme is carried out by volunteer surveyors nationwide.  Plant biodiversity sustains healthy ecosystems and the natural…","state":"published","title":"National Plant Monitoring Scheme (NPMS)","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the Lowland Peat Network is to monitor greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in near real time across lowland peat sites in England and Wales.  It contributes to the wider UK Land Flux Network (listed separately above) which otherwise focuses predominantly on uplands.  Peatlands store very large volumes of carbon, and their performance as a source or sink of greenhouse gases depends on how they are managed.  Quantifying net GHG emissions and storage in peatland is important to meet the UK's GHG accounting commitments, and to inform environmental policy and mitigation actions to achieve Net Zero.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"45273234-051a-4656-8dc0-da71512b149e","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The capabilities of the Lowland Peat Network are similar to the wider UK Land Flux Network.  The Lowland Peat Network provides high-frequency continuous monitoring of CO2 and water fluxes at multiple sites covering geographic, environmental and land-use gradients.  Auxiliary hydrometeorological measurements include temperature, rainfall, energy fluxes, water table, soil moisture.  Some sites also monitor CH4 or N2O.","infrastructureCategory":["Instrumented sites"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Climate change: mitigation"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:37.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/4f8b74f2-e928-4753-b1b1-65e53817ce1f","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/45273234-051a-4656-8dc0-da71512b149e"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Soils and Land Use","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the Lowland Peat Network is to monitor greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in near real time across lowland peat sites in England and Wales.  It contributes to the wider UK Land Flux Network (listed separately above) which otherwise focuses predominantly on uplands.…","state":"published","title":"Lowland Peat Network","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the River Thames Initiative is to study how England's largest river functions under growing pressures from rapid population growth, intensive agriculture, climate change and water resource challenges.  River quality in the Thames basin, including its tributaries, ranges from good in its rural upper reaches to poor as it passes through urban centres housing a fifth of the UK population.  The lower Thames is heavily impacted by sewage and other pollution.  The River Thames Initiative enables chemical and biological monitoring throughout the basin to provide data that is used for research and river management involving water quality and pollution from agricultural run-off and wastewater sewage (including nutrients, dissolved metals, pharmaceuticals and nanoparticles).  It also provides an experimental test-bed or 'living laboratory' for: trials of natural flood management and flood relief schemes; and for technological innovation and testing of in-situ water quality analysers.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"94a45431-090c-4a47-8cbf-e22bcfa2d014","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The River Thames Initiative uses 23 sampling sites, distributed across the main river and its tributaries, to measure a suite of water quality properties including: chemical water quality, algal phytoplankton and nutrient concentrations at weekly interval, plus periodic surveys for organic pollutants (pharmaceuticals, pesticides). It also includes hourly water quality and nutrient analyses at the Taplow automatic monitoring station. 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River quality in the Thames basin, including its…","state":"published","title":"The River Thames Initiative","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the Mobile AQ Labs is to measure air quality, pollution sources, emissions and depositions.  They can be deployed in flexible combinations for field-campaigns in different ecosystems and above urban areas.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"3cc37dfe-f260-4cd6-bb74-7fc552de02da","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"Three mobile laboratories are housed in a 4x4 Mercedes Sprinter Van, a Chill trailer and an 8ft sea container; all insulated and feature air-conditioning and electrical installations that can be connected to a local power supplies.  The Van also has a 7500 watt on-board generator and a 19” instrument rack with fold-out table.  They can be used to analyse and quantify: pollutants in gas and aerosol phase; pollution sources and apportionment; emission and deposition fluxes.  On-board equipment includes:\n- Gradient system for inorganic reactive gases and aerosols (MARGAFIA)\n- Fast response gas analysers for flux measurements of VOCs (PTR-QiToFMS), O3 (ROFI), NH3, CH4, N2O, NO2, CO, CO2 (QCLs), CO2/H2O (LiCOR Infrared gas analysers)\n- Fast response aerosol analysers for chemically speciated aerosol (HR-ToF-AMS) and (size-segregated) particle number measurement (TSI CPCs, TSI APS, DMT UHSAS)\n- Slow-response gas analysers for O3, SO2, NOx and NH3\n- Ultrasonic anemometers\n- A range of sensors for auxiliary measurements of meteorological, plant and soil conditions.","infrastructureCategory":["Mobile observing platforms"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:27.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/39fa64e1-fb3e-4c4f-ba55-3c0a989fb3f0","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/3cc37dfe-f260-4cd6-bb74-7fc552de02da"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Effects","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the Mobile AQ Labs is to measure air quality, pollution sources, emissions and depositions.  They can be deployed in flexible combinations for field-campaigns in different ecosystems and above urban areas.","state":"published","title":"Mobile Air Quality and Flux Measurement Labs","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of these two boats (an ARCboat and an ARCboatlite) is to enable safe, remotely controlled measurements of river flow, bathymetry and water quality.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"1b7a151f-754c-4b13-a0ad-cf1051e4c4d9","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The ARCboat and ARCboatlite are remote controlled boats that are used to collect lake, river and estuarine data such as discharge, depth, bathymetry and water quality. Both boats can be equipped with a Sontek M9 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and differential GPS, a Single Beam Echo Sounder, or a RDI Rio Grande ADCP and differential GPS. Other equipment can be deployed as required, including multi-parameter water quality sondes (YSI EXO for example).","infrastructureCategory":["Mobile observing platforms"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution","Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"metadataDate":"2025-04-04T11:52:12.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/b9aefcef-6bfe-4355-95a3-eb8206757c92","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/1b7a151f-754c-4b13-a0ad-cf1051e4c4d9"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Hydro-climate Risks","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of these two boats (an ARCboat and an ARCboatlite) is to enable safe, remotely controlled measurements of river flow, bathymetry and water quality.","state":"published","title":"Research Boats: remote controlled","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the Plynlimon Research Catchments (PRC) is to study the impacts of upland land use on water resources, floods, drought flows, pollution (stream sediment and dissolved chemicals), acidification, and climate change mitigation.  It provides an intensively observed outdoor 'living laboratory' to study biogeochemical responses of upland catchments to acid deposition, forest harvesting, agricultural management and now climate change.  High temporal resolution (frequent) sampling has been used to develop new mathematical and statistical methods to interpret short and long-term chemical trends.  Data from PRC have also been used to develop and calibrate a number of widely used hydrological and biogeochemical models.  PRC has been one of the more successful catchment studies globally, advancing environmental science, influencing land-management policy in UK forestry and informing UK government environmental policy.  In addition: PRC contributes to UK-wide monitoring networks for Upland Water (listed elsewhere in this catalogue) and Soil Moisture (COSMOS-UK, listed elsewhere in this catalogue); and PRC is currently hosting the first large-scale UK test of enhanced rock weathering for Greenhouse Gas Removal using upland grass catchments (as part of the Government-UKRI-BBSRC Greenhouse Gas Removal strategic research programme).","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"eb827edd-ff14-4e3f-ba07-5ed84c1e435b","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The Plynlimon Research Catchments cover a combined area of 19.25 square kilometres across two land use types - forestry and sheep-grazed moorland - to enable observation and research in two different upland land-use settings.  They are equipped with an array of hydrological and hydro-chemical equipment including: flumes; met towers and met stations; soil profiles and soil sampling equipment; boreholes; experimental plots or sub-catchments comprising different management histories; river flow monitors; and infra-red gas analysers for CO2 flux work.","infrastructureCategory":["Instrumented sites"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution","Climate change: adaptation"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"Landscape or catchment","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:37.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/17a08687-3da4-4398-a9c9-cf8b5a379127","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/eb827edd-ff14-4e3f-ba07-5ed84c1e435b"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Soils and Land Use","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the Plynlimon Research Catchments (PRC) is to study the impacts of upland land use on water resources, floods, drought flows, pollution (stream sediment and dissolved chemicals), acidification, and climate change mitigation.  It provides an intensively…","state":"published","title":"Plynlimon Research Catchments","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of UKEAP is to measure the composition of the atmosphere (air quality) across a range of rural and semi-rural environments in the UK.  Air pollution can have wide-ranging effects on the environment, with impacts on biodiversity, water quality and people's health and wellbeing.  UKEAP particularly focuses on nitrogen compounds that, in excess, provide too many nutrients (eutrophication) and on chemicals that acidify water and soil ('acid rain').  UKEAP provides long-term data on airborne chemical and particulate matter levels to inform: (a) scientific understanding of non-urban pollution sources and how they transport to contribute to poor air quality at urban, national and international scales; and (b) air quality policy and regulation.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"78088553-516c-484f-a9d7-fa287b9233ad","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"UKEAP is coordinated by UKCEH with sites distributed across different rural land use and habitat types throughout the UK.  Sites are equipped to automatically sample and measure atmospheric chemistry at high- and low-frequency, and supported by intensive measurement campaigns.  UKEAP integrates four component monitoring networks that measure airborne acidifying and eutrophying chemicals:\n• National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN: 85 sites): monthly ammonia concentrations.\n• Acid Gas and Aerosol Network (AGA-Net: 30 sites): monthly gas phase SO2, HNO3, HCl; major particulate phase inorganic anions and cations.\n• Precipitation Network (Precip-Net: 39 sites): fortnightly inorganic anion and cation concentrations in precipitation.\n• NO2Net (24 sites): four-weekly triplicate NO2 concentrations.\nUKEAP also operates two EMEP network 'supersites' in the UK (EMEP = European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme for long-range transmission of air pollutants): Auchencorth Moss Atmospheric Observatory (Scotland, upland peat moor - listed elsewhere in this catalogue) and Chilbolton Observatory (Hampshire, lowland arable site).","infrastructureCategory":["Instrumented sites"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:46.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/d94774e8-56ae-462a-8ebd-766d1a564c94","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/78088553-516c-484f-a9d7-fa287b9233ad"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Effects","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of UKEAP is to measure the composition of the atmosphere (air quality) across a range of rural and semi-rural environments in the UK.  Air pollution can have wide-ranging effects on the environment, with impacts on biodiversity, water quality and people's…","state":"published","title":"UK Eutrophying and Acidifying Pollutant (UKEAP) Networks","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of COSMOS-UK is to measure soil moisture in near-real time across a network of UK sites.  The amount of water in soils is very important for farming, water resource management and flood forecasting.  Soil moisture varies over time depending on soil type, climate, precipitation and water table.  Better understanding of soil moisture, and how it varies over space and time, will help us improve environmental models and prediction for effective management of land and water resources, and of flooding.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"aab18b1a-d5e9-4263-adc6-4342466b6a1f","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"COSMOS-UK soil moisture monitoring sites are distributed UK-wide across a representative range of land use and soil types.  The innovation provided by COSMOS-UK comes from the use of a sensor that exploits cosmic-rays to measure soil moisture over an area of about 12 hectares (about 30 acres).  Each site is equipped with a sensor that sits above ground and operates automatically to deliver data remotely.  This contrasts with other sensors that are intrusive, effectively point-scale, or require an on-site operator.  Meteorological and other related data is also recorded at each site.","infrastructureCategory":["Instrumented sites"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Climate change: adaptation"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:56.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/40d4415e-6e86-432b-ab64-3bbcb39a9efa","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/aab18b1a-d5e9-4263-adc6-4342466b6a1f"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Water Resources","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of COSMOS-UK is to measure soil moisture in near-real time across a network of UK sites.  The amount of water in soils is very important for farming, water resource management and flood forecasting.  Soil moisture varies over time depending on soil type,…","state":"published","title":"COSMOS-UK : Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Monitoring Network","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the Woodland Survey is to understand the causes and consequences of change in woodlands across Great Britain since 1971, focusing mainly on ancient broad-leaved woods and Caledonian pine-woods.  Such ancient woodlands contribute to essential ecosystem services such as carbon storage, flood control, providing nectar for insect pollinators of crops, and recreation.  They also provide a vital refuge for many threatened species now rare or absent from other habitats and land modified by human activity.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"31bf02a1-b0c8-439b-8d1d-f525f16df052","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The Woodland Survey has been conducted in 1971, 2002 and 2020 at 103 broad-leaved sites plus 27 native Scottish pinewood sites.  The survey uses standardised ecological field survey methods, now aided by online tools and apps for smartphones and tablets, to measure woodland attributes such as: trees species and canopy; under-storey vegetation (shrubs, ground flora); soils; and woodland management across England, Wales and Scotland.","infrastructureCategory":["Surveys"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","keyword":["woodland","forestry"],"metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:17.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/ae97c470-d0b2-4134-9f08-30ba41b2ec9a","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/31bf02a1-b0c8-439b-8d1d-f525f16df052"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Soils and Land Use","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the Woodland Survey is to understand the causes and consequences of change in woodlands across Great Britain since 1971, focusing mainly on ancient broad-leaved woods and Caledonian pine-woods.  Such ancient woodlands contribute to essential ecosystem…","state":"published","title":"British Woodland Survey","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the Predatory Bird Tissue Bank is to preserve biological samples collected from known locations and dates by the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme, which can then be used for future analysis and research.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"99568b66-0700-4a4c-9d31-433b8559c3dd","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"The PBMS Archive holds more than 60,000 bird tissue samples such as liver and kidney, bones, and eggs (shells and contents) dating back to the late 1960s.  Specimens are stored in jars and bags in numbered trays at -18ºC in a freezer.","infrastructureCategory":["Discovery collections"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","locations":["POINT(-2.78296 54.01318)"],"metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:25.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/c3ae7adb-7a88-43c9-adf2-68578e12641f","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/99568b66-0700-4a4c-9d31-433b8559c3dd"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Pollution","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the Predatory Bird Tissue Bank is to preserve biological samples collected from known locations and dates by the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme, which can then be used for future analysis and research.","state":"published","title":"Predatory Bird Tissue Bank","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of ECN is to detect and determine the causes and consequences of environmental change.  To achieve this, ECN provides a network of field sites in semi-natural and agricultural locations around the UK, each site instrumented to enable physical, chemical and biological measurements.  ECN sites are also used for short-term field experiments.  ECN provides data for wider UK and international networks, for example making important contributions to the assessment of biodiversity trends at UK, European and global scales.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"826ce25a-1412-403d-a2fc-40cdb8a6feb6","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"ECN uses common measurement protocols to quantify how the physical, chemical and biological status of ecosystems is responding to a variety of long-term stressors.  Some measurements are unique to ECN - eg intensive soil surveys and soil solution monitoring.  Sites are protected from short-term disturbance to maximise signal-to-noise ratios in environmental data.  All measurements are taken in close proximity to allow: direct association between potential drivers and responses; identification of previously un-recognised relationships; testing of modelling assumptions; calibration of new models.","infrastructureCategory":["Instrumented sites"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution","Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:17.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/a9259f3c-53c6-48be-8964-09b512074eac","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/826ce25a-1412-403d-a2fc-40cdb8a6feb6"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Water Resources","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of ECN is to detect and determine the causes and consequences of environmental change.  To achieve this, ECN provides a network of field sites in semi-natural and agricultural locations around the UK, each site instrumented to enable physical, chemical and…","state":"published","title":"UK Environmental Change Network (ECN)","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of GBNNSIP is to collect sightings of, and provide information and alerts for, non-native species across Great Britain.  Invasive non-native species (INNS) are organisms introduced by humans into areas outside their native range, for example through trade and travel.  They cause growing economic, environmental and human health impacts estimated at £1.7bn a year for the UK and €12bn a year for the EU: from farming, aquaculture and horticulture to transport and construction, as well as recreation and human health.  The GBNNSIP online portal and alert system provides a central repository of information on more than 3000 non-native species, of which about 2000 are considered to be established (having sustained populations) in Britain.  It enables policy makers and land managers in the UK (Defra, devolved governments, Overseas Territories) and internationally (UN, other nations) to take action to control INNS and the damage they cause.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"2f8f9c40-c5e0-4933-8330-7ec78fd7b0aa","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"GBNNSIP provides leadership, coordination, expert support and underlying infrastructure to identify and verify invasive non-native species (INNS), to record sightings, and to provide an alert system for high priority INNS.  UKCEH has led advances that couple citizen science with emerging technology to rapidly improve the quality, quantity and rate of flow of INNS data - for example by introducing online recording through the iRecord website and by developing smartphone apps, such as Asian Hornet Watch, that make it quick and easy for volunteers to report sightings of INNS.","infrastructureCategory":["Wildlife monitoring schemes"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:56.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/5dc8cdba-e8cd-4e30-b07e-9001a40a728b","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/2f8f9c40-c5e0-4933-8330-7ec78fd7b0aa"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Biodiversity","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of GBNNSIP is to collect sightings of, and provide information and alerts for, non-native species across Great Britain.  Invasive non-native species (INNS) are organisms introduced by humans into areas outside their native range, for example through trade…","state":"published","title":"GB Non Native Species Information Portal (GBNNSIP) - providing records and alerts for non-native species in Great Britain","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme is to understand how and why environmental concentrations of pollutants vary across space and time, and the risks they pose to wildlife.  Birds of prey act as sentinel indicators of wildlife health because polluting chemicals accumulate as they pass through the food chain to these top predators.  PBMS relies on the public (citizen science) to send bird samples to UKCEH.  The information provided by PBMS informs government regulators of chemical use, chemical manufacturers and environmental researchers.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"6bab24df-3976-4351-8f63-c8d263857f4d","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"PBMS receives bird carcasses from members of the public and eggs from licenced egg collectors.  Carcasses and eggs from across the UK are analysed for chemical and heavy metal pollutants: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs); Second Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides (SGARs); Lead (Pb); Mercury (Hg); Other toxic and essential metals.  Preserved samples of predatory bird tissue are also kept in the Predatory Bird Tissue Bank (see sub-category 4 below).","infrastructureCategory":["Wildlife monitoring schemes"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","keyword":["Birds","Raptors"],"metadataDate":"2026-01-19T13:47:28.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/e77807df-fa39-46f3-8ddc-47c3681f22a4","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/6bab24df-3976-4351-8f63-c8d263857f4d"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Pollution","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme is to understand how and why environmental concentrations of pollutants vary across space and time, and the risks they pose to wildlife.  Birds of prey act as sentinel indicators of wildlife health because polluting…","state":"published","title":"Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS)","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of UKCEH Lake Observatories is to study how lakes function, and to detect and attribute the causes of environmental change.  Inland freshwater lakes provide important ecosystem services such as water supply, flood regulation, fishing and tourism, as well as supporting our health and wellbeing.  UK lakes are also important for their unique diversity: physical, chemical and biological.  UKCEH Lake Observatories comprise an integrated network across four lakes, providing near real-time data on lake condition and function for a shared set of core measurements plus added value specific monitoring relevant to each lake.  This information is used to develop and test new research hypotheses and ecological theories; to build digital models of lake functioning for forecasting and prediction; and to support evidence-based decisions to manage and restore lake health in a changing environment.  UKCEH Lake Observatories also contribute to global lake observing networks, for example to assess the impacts of changing temperature (GLEON) and storms (GEISHA) on ecosystem function.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"0846f282-58e1-47b4-970d-91a0bf28345c","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"Each lake is equipped with a monitoring buoy that carries sensors for automatic, high-frequency (sub-hourly) sampling of water at different depths as well as the air above the water surface.  Automated sampling is supplemented by periodic intensive measurement campaigns.  This sampling provides data on a suite of physical, chemical and biological properties of lakes, and on fish populations, together with meteorological data. ","infrastructureCategory":["Instrumented sites"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Pollution","Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"Area, city, farm, habitat","metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:27.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/e4952fa4-8aaa-497d-b694-abaebbcc3ac9","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/0846f282-58e1-47b4-970d-91a0bf28345c"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Water Resources","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of UKCEH Lake Observatories is to study how lakes function, and to detect and attribute the causes of environmental change.  Inland freshwater lakes provide important ecosystem services such as water supply, flood regulation, fishing and tourism, as well…","state":"published","title":"UKCEH Lake Observatories","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]},{"catalogue":"infrastructure","description":"The purpose of PoMS is to provide systematic data on the abundance of bees, hoverflies and other flower-visiting insects across the UK.  Insect populations are declining sharply across the world, with serious impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem health including the natural resources and services (collectively 'natural capital') that support human life, health and economic activity.  Pollinators are particularly important for agricultural food crops.  Together with long-term occurrence records collated by the Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society and Hoverfly Recording Scheme, UK PoMS data provide invaluable information on trends in pollinator populations to support government policy, land management and conservation.","documentType":"infrastructurerecord","identifier":"0f3fd7df-6c26-4fa0-9d80-ed98f3534e8d","incomingCitationCount":0,"infrastructureCapabilities":"PoMS provides leadership, coordination, expert support and underlying infrastructure to enable volunteer surveyors to identify and record insect pollinator species distributions and abundance.  PoMs has two main surveys: (1)  Flower-Insect Timed Count (FIT Count), which includes a mobile app that enables volunteers to enter their data while on-site; and (2) Systematic 1km square surveys using pan-traps.  A total of 75 one-kilometre squares are covered throughout the UK.","infrastructureCategory":["Wildlife monitoring schemes"],"infrastructureChallenge":["Sustainable ecosystems: biodiversity net gain"],"infrastructureClass":["Environmental observatories"],"infrastructureScale":"UK","keyword":["Pollinators"],"metadataDate":"2025-04-09T09:24:49.000Z","recordType":"Science infrastructure","resourceIdentifier":["https://catalogue-staging.ceh.ac.uk/id/706f8661-1081-4342-b45e-fbf9c779c4e9","https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/0f3fd7df-6c26-4fa0-9d80-ed98f3534e8d"],"resourceType":"Science infrastructure","scienceArea":"Biodiversity","shortenedDescription":"The purpose of PoMS is to provide systematic data on the abundance of bees, hoverflies and other flower-visiting insects across the UK.  Insect populations are declining sharply across the world, with serious impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem health including the…","state":"published","title":"Pollinator Monitoring Scheme (PoMS)","version":1.0,"view":["public","phtr"]}],"rows":20,"url":"http://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk:443/infrastructure/documents?facet=infrastructureClass%7CEnvironmental%20observatories"}